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Charles Darwin

1809 AD — 1882 AD

Darwin challenges confident claims that human origins cannot be investigated and distinguishes unreliable facts from hypotheses open to correction. Read both passages as parts of a historical scientific argument.

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Historical source references

Life and writing

The checked catalogue gives Charles Darwin’s lifetime as 1809–1882 and credits Sue Asscher and David Widger for this electronic text. The book is written in English, and the linked text includes a preface to the second edition. The catalogue HTML ISBN identifies this digital reading. It is a historical scientific work, containing obsolete classifications and racial hierarchies; its catalogue description is not evidence that all its claims represent current science.

Project Gutenberg catalogue — The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ↗Checked related reading — The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ↗ Catalogue identity/lifetime and linked edition credits, framing or cast

In the Introduction, Darwin answers those who assert confidently that science cannot solve the question of human origins. His contrast between ignorance and knowledge addresses that particular claim of impossibility. In Chapter XXI, he acknowledges that some of his own views may be erroneous, then distinguishes persistent false facts from views that can be refuted. The selected second extract stops within a longer source sentence, whose continuation describes correction opening a path toward truth. These passages invite scrutiny of evidence; they do not prove that all confidence is ignorance or that false hypotheses never cause harm.

Checked related reading — The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ↗ Introduction; confidence about the limits of scientific inquiry; Chapter XXI, General Summary and Conclusion; false facts, false views and correction

Reading this voice

Read the Introduction beside the concluding admission of possible error. Follow the second extract into its next clause. Distinguish Darwin’s argument for scientific investigation from the book’s obsolete social and biological assumptions.

Subjects to explore

Editorial reading connections, distinct from the archive’s word matching.

A work to read

Begin with these archive passages

Editorial starting points from this author’s existing entries.

Profile sources and editorial status

Original agent-assisted editorial profile, checked 2026-10-05. No human review is recorded. Life dates are recorded to the year; they do not date individual quotations.

Archive entries

01Undated
If about a dozen genera of birds had become extinct or were unknown, who would have ventured to have surmised that birds might have existed which used their wings solely as flappers, like the logger-headed duck (Micropterus of Eyton); as fins in the water and front legs on the land, like the penguin; as sails, like the ostrich; and functionally for no purpose, like the Apteryx. Yet the structure of each of these birds is good for it, under the conditions of life to which it is exposed, for each has to live by a struggle; but it is not necessarily the best possible under all possible conditions. It must not be inferred from these remarks that any of the grades of wing-structure here alluded to, which perhaps may all have resulted from disuse, indicate the natural steps by which birds have acquired their perfect power of flight; but they serve, at least, to show what diversified means of transition are possible.
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07Undated
As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.
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11Undated
At some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilised races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace throughout the world the savage races. At the same time the anthropomorphous apes, as Professor Schaaffhausen has remarked, will no doubt be exterminated. The break will then be rendered wider, for it will intervene between man in a more civilised state as we may hope, than the Caucasian and some ape as low as a baboon, instead of as at present between the negro or Australian and the gorilla.
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12Undated
I could show fight on natural selection having done and doing more for the progress of civilization than you seem inclined to admit. Remember what risk the nations of Europe ran, not so many centuries ago of being overwhelmed by the Turks, and how ridiculous such an idea now is! The more civilised so-called Caucasian races have beaten the Turkish hollow in the struggle for existence. Looking to the world at no very distant date, what an endless number of the lower races will have been eliminated by the higher civilized races throughout the world.
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13Undated
It is often attempted to palliate slavery by comparing the state of slaves with our poorer countrymen: if the misery of our poor be caused not by the laws of nature, but by our institutions, great is our sin; but how this bears on slavery, I cannot see; as well might the use of the thumb-screw be defended in one land, by showing that men in another land suffered from some dreadful disease. Those who look tenderly at the slave owner, and with a cold heart at the slave, never seem to put themselves into the position of the latter; what a cheerless prospect, with not even a hope of change! picture to yourself the chance, ever hanging over you, of your wife and your little children — those objects which nature urges even the slave to call his own — being torn from you and sold like beasts to the first bidder! And these deeds are done and palliated by men, who profess to love their neighbours as themselves, who believe in God, and pray that his Will be done on earth! It makes one's blood boil, yet heart tremble, to think that we Englishmen and our American descendants, with their boastful cry of liberty, have been and are so guilty...
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